Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Towards accuracy and accessibility
Main Article Content
Keywords
Alzheimer’s Disease, the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer’s Association, Diagnostic criteria, Detection methods, Biomarker
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a serious dementia afflicting aging population and is characterized by cognitive decline, amyloid-β plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. AD substantially impairs the life quality of the victims and poses a heavy burden on the society at large. The number of people with dementia due to AD, prodromal AD, and preclinical AD is estimated to stand at roughly 3.2, 69, and 315 million worldwide, respectively. Current clinical diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, and clinical research demonstrated that positron emission tomography (PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers had excellent diagnostic performance. However, the application of CSF biomarker tests and PET are restricted by the invasiveness and high cost. The presence of clinical symptoms means that AD pathology has been progressing for many years, and only a few drugs have been approved for the traetemnt of AD. Therefore, early diagnosis is extremely important for controlling the outcomes caused by AD. In this review, we provided an overview of developing clinical diagnostic criteria, diagnostic strategies under clinical research, developing blood based-biomarker assays, and promising nanotechnologically-based assays.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Metrics
Metrics Loading ...
References
[1]. 2022 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2022 Apr;18(4):700-789. http://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12638. PMID: 35289055.
[2]. 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 Apr;19(4):1598-1695. http://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13016. PMID: 36918389.
[3]. Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, Pericak-Vance M, Enghild J, Salvesen GS, Roses AD. Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar;90(5):1977-81. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.5.1977. PMID: 8446617.
[4]. Mayeux R, Saunders AM, Shea S, Mirra S, Evans D, et al. Utility of the apolipoprotein E genotype in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Disease Centers Consortium on Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's Disease. N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb;338(8):506-11. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199802193380804. PMID: 9468467.
[5]. Zhong G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Guo JJ, Zhao Y. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies with investigation of potential effect modifiers. PLoS One. 2015 Mar;10(3):e0118333. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118333. PMID: 25763939.
[6]. Butler M, Nelson VA, Davila H, Ratner E, Fink HA, Hemmy LS, McCarten JR, Barclay TR, Brasure M, Kane RL. Over-the-Counter Supplement Interventions to Prevent Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Clinical Alzheimer-Type Dementia: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Jan;168(1):52-62. http://doi.org/10.7326/M17-1530. PMID: 29255909.
[7]. Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM, Barnes LL, Bennett DA, Aggarwal NT. MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging. Alzheimers Dement. 2015 Sep;11(9):1015-22. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.011. PMID: 26086182.
[8]. Scheltens P, De Strooper B, Kivipelto M, Holstege H, Chételat G, Teunissen CE, et al. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 2021 Apr 24;397(10284):1577-1590. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32205-4. PMID: 33667416.
[9]. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology. 1984 Jul;34(7):939-44. http://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.34.7.939. PMID: 6610841.
[10]. Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May;7(3):270-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008. PMID: 21514249.
[11]. Jack CR Jr, Albert MS, Knopman DS, McKhann GM, Sperling RA, Carrillo MC, et al. Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May;7(3):257-62. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.004. PMID: 21514247.
[12]. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May;7(3):263-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005. PMID: 21514250.
[13]. Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May;7(3):280-92. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003. PMID: 21514248.
[14]. Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Dunn B, Haeberlein SB, et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018 Apr;14(4):535-562. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018. PMID: 29653606.
[15]. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov;12(3):189-98. http://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6. PMID: 1202204.
[16]. Hachinski VC, Iliff LD, Zilhka E, Du Boulay GH, McAllister VL, Marshall J, Russell RW, Symon L. Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Arch Neurol. 1975 Sep;32(9):632-7. http://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1975.00490510088009. PMID: 1164215.
[17]. Aizenstein HJ, Nebes RD, Saxton JA, Price JC, Mathis CA, Tsopelas ND, Ziolko SK, James JA, Snitz BE, Houck PR, Bi W, Cohen AD, Lopresti BJ, DeKosky ST, Halligan EM, Klunk WE. Frequent amyloid deposition without significant cognitive impairment among the elderly. Arch Neurol. 2008 Nov;65(11):1509-17. http://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.65.11.1509. PMID: 19001171.
[18]. Jack CR Jr, Therneau TM, Weigand SD, Wiste HJ, Knopman DS, et al. Prevalence of Biologically vs Clinically Defined Alzheimer Spectrum Entities Using the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association Research Framework. JAMA Neurol. 2019 Jul;76(10):1174–83. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1971. PMID: 31305929.
[19]. Louie R. The 2018 NIA-AA research framework: Recommendation and comments. Alzheimers Dement. 2019 Jan;15(1):182-183. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3062. PMID: 30642438.
[20]. McRae-McKee K, Udeh-Momoh CT, Price G, Bajaj S, de Jager CA, et al. Perspective: Clinical relevance of the dichotomous classification of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers: Should there be a "gray zone"? Alzheimers Dement. 2019 Oct;15(10):1348-1356. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.07.010. PMID: 31564609.
[21]. Tang Y, Lutz MW, Xing Y. A systems-based model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2019 Jan;15(1):168-171. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3058. PMID: 30102884.
[22]. Aguillon D, Langella S, Chen Y, Sanchez JS, Su Y, Vila-Castelar C, et al. Plasma p-tau217 predicts in vivo brain pathology and cognition in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 Jun;19(6):2585-2594. http://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12906. PMID: 36571821.
[23]. Ossenkoppele R, van der Kant R, Hansson O. Tau biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: towards implementation in clinical practice and trials. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Aug;21(8):726-734. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00168-5. PMID: 35643092.
[24]. Alzheimer’s Association International Conference [Internet]. Alzheimer's Association; [cited 2023 Dec 9]. Available from: https://aaic.alz.org/diagnostic-criteria.asp.
[25]. Alzheimer’s Association International Conference [Internet]. Alzheimer's Association; [cited 2023 Dec 9]. Available from: https://alz.org/media/Documents/scientific-conferences/Clinical-Criteria-for-Staging-and-Diagnosis-for-Public-Comment-Draft-2.pdf?_gl=1*lgta1s*_ga*MTc2NjMxMjA1Ni4xNzAxNzU5MDg5*_ga_9JTEWVX24V*MTcwMjM1MTQ4MS45LjEuMTcwMjM1MTcyNy42MC4wLjA.*_ga_QSFTKCEH7C*MTcwMjM1MTQ4MS45LjEuMTcwMjM1MTcyNy42MC4wLjA.
[26]. Alzheimer’s Association International Conference [Internet]. Alzheimer's Association; [cited 2023 Dec 9]. Available from: https://alz.org/media/Documents/scientific-conferences/Figures-and-Tables-Clinical-Criteria-for-Staging-and-Diagnosis-for-Public-Comment-Draft-2.pdf?_gl=1*1depbc6*_ga*MTc2NjMxMjA1Ni4xNzAxNzU5MDg5*_ga_9JTEWVX24V*MTcwMjM2MDI2Mi4xMC4wLjE3MDIzNjAyNjIuNjAuMC4w*_ga_QSFTKCEH7C*MTcwMjM2MDI2Mi4xMC4wLjE3MDIzNjAyNjIuNjAuMC4w.
[27]. Barichello T, Giridharan VV, Dal-Pizzol F. A cerebrospinal fluid biosignature for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Braz J Psychiatry. 2019 Nov-Dec;41(6):467-468. http://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0629. PMID: 31826090.
[28]. Vermunt L, Sikkes SAM, van den Hout A, Handels R, Bos I, van der Flier WM, et al. Duration of preclinical, prodromal, and dementia stages of Alzheimer's disease in relation to age, sex, and APOE genotype. Alzheimers Dement. 2019 Jul;15(7):888-898. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.04.001. PMID: 31164314.
[29]. Self WK, Holtzman DM. Emerging diagnostics and therapeutics for Alzheimer disease. Nat Med. 2023 Sep;29(9):2187-2199. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02505-2. PMID: 37667136.
[30]. Johnson ECB, Bian S, Haque RU, Carter EK, Watson CM, Gordon BA, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics define the natural history of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med. 2023 Aug;29(8):1979-1988. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02476-4. PMID: 37550416.
[31]. Hansson O, Lehmann S, Otto M, Zetterberg H, Lewczuk P. Advantages and disadvantages of the use of the CSF Amyloid β (Aβ) 42/40 ratio in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019 Apr 22;11(1):34. http://doi.org/ 10.1186/s13195-019-0485-0. PMID: 31010420.
[32]. Mattsson N. CSF biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2011 Mar;49(3):345-52. http://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2011.082. PMID: 21303297.
[33]. Ost M, Nylén K, Csajbok L, Ohrfelt AO, Tullberg M, Wikkelsö C, et al. Initial CSF total tau correlates with 1-year outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 2006 Nov 14;67(9):1600-4. http://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000242732.06714.0f. PMID: 17101890.
[34]. Olsson B, Lautner R, Andreasson U, Öhrfelt A, Portelius E, Bjerke M, et al. CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Jun;15(7):673-684. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00070-3. PMID: 27068280.
[35]. Skillbäck T, Rosén C, Asztely F, Mattsson N, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Diagnostic performance of cerebrospinal fluid total tau and phosphorylated tau in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: results from the Swedish Mortality Registry. JAMA Neurol. 2014 Apr;71(4):476-83. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.6455. PMID: 24566866.
[36]. Suárez-Calvet M, Karikari TK, Ashton NJ, Lantero Rodríguez J, Milà-Alomà M, Gispert JD, et al. Novel tau biomarkers phosphorylated at T181, T217 or T231 rise in the initial stages of the preclinical Alzheimer's continuum when only subtle changes in Aβ pathology are detected. EMBO Mol Med. 2020 Dec 7;12(12):e12921. http://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202012921. PMID: 33169916.
[37]. Shaw LM, Arias J, Blennow K, Galasko D, Molinuevo JL, Salloway S, et al. Appropriate use criteria for lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid testing in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018 Nov;14(11):1505-1521. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.220. PMID: 30316776.
[38]. De Meyer S, Schaeverbeke JM, Verberk IMW, Gille B, De Schaepdryver M, Luckett ES, et al. Comparison of ELISA- and SIMOA-based quantification of plasma Aβ ratios for early detection of cerebral amyloidosis. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2020 Dec 5;12(1):162. doi: 10.1186/s13195-020-00728-w. PMID: 33278904.
[39]. Kuhle J, Barro C, Andreasson U, Derfuss T, Lindberg R, Sandelius Å, et al. Comparison of three analytical platforms for quantification of the neurofilament light chain in blood samples: ELISA, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and Simoa. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016 Oct 1;54(10):1655-61. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2015-1195. PMID: 27071153.
[40]. Burkett BJ, Babcock JC, Lowe VJ, Graff-Radford J, Subramaniam RM, Johnson DR. PET Imaging of Dementia: Update 2022. Clin Nucl Med. 2022 Sep;47(9):763-773. http://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000004251. PMID: 35543643.
[41]. Villemagne VL. Amyloid imaging: Past, present and future perspectives. Ageing Res Rev. 2016 Sep;30:95-106. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.01.005. PMID: 26827784.
[42]. Morris E, Chalkidou A, Hammers A, Peacock J, Summers J, Keevil S. Diagnostic accuracy of (18)F amyloid PET tracers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016 Feb;43(2):374-385. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-015-3228-x. PMID: 26613792.
[43]. Braak H, Braak E. Frequency of stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiol Aging. 1997 Jul-Aug;18(4):351-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00056-0. PMID: 9330961.
[44]. Chien DT, Bahri S, Szardenings AK, Walsh JC, Mu F, Su MY, et al. Early clinical PET imaging results with the novel PHF-tau radioligand [F-18]-T807. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;34(2):457-68. http://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-122059. PMID: 23234879.
[45]. Lowe VJ, Curran G, Fang P, Liesinger AM, Josephs KA, Parisi JE, et al. An autoradiographic evaluation of AV-1451 Tau PET in dementia. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2016 Jun 13;4(1):58. http://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-016-0315-6. PMID: 27296779.
[46]. Schwarz AJ, Yu P, Miller BB, Shcherbinin S, Dickson J, Navitsky M, et al. Regional profiles of the candidate tau PET ligand 18F-AV-1451 recapitulate key features of Braak histopathological stages. Brain. 2016 May;139(Pt 5):1539-50. http://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aww023. PMID: 26936940.
[47]. Tian M, Civelek AC, Carrio I, Watanabe Y, Kang KW, Murakami K, et al. International consensus on the use of tau PET imaging agent 18F-flortaucipir in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022 Feb;49(3):895-904. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05673-w. PMID: 34978595.
[48]. Teunissen CE, Verberk IMW, Thijssen EH, Vermunt L, Hansson O, Zetterberg H, et al. Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: towards clinical implementation. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Jan;21(1):66-77. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00361-6. PMID: 34838239.
[49]. Hampel H, Hu Y, Cummings J, Mattke S, Iwatsubo T, Nakamura A, et al. Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: Current state and future use in a transformed global healthcare landscape. Neuron. 2023 Sep;111(18):2781-2799. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.017. Epub 2023 Jun 8. PMID: 37295421.
[50]. Pais MV, Forlenza OV, Diniz BS. Plasma Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Available Assays, Recent Developments, and Implications for Clinical Practice. J Alzheimers Dis Rep. 2023 May;7(1):355-380. http://doi.org/10.3233/ADR-230029. PMID: 37220625.
[51]. Wilson DH, Rissin DM, Kan CW, Fournier DR, Piech T, Campbell TG, et al. The Simoa HD-1 Analyzer: A Novel Fully Automated Digital Immunoassay Analyzer with Single-Molecule Sensitivity and Multiplexing. J Lab Autom. 2016 Aug;21(4):533-47. http://doi.org/10.1177/2211068215589580. PMID: 26077162.
[52]. Li D, Mielke MM. An Update on Blood-Based Markers of Alzheimer's Disease Using the Simoa Platform. Neurol Ther. 2019 Dec;8(Suppl 2):73-82. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-019-00164-5. PMID: 31833025.
[53]. Ding XL, Tuo QZ, Lei P. An Introduction to Ultrasensitive Assays for Plasma Tau Detection. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;80(4):1353-1362. http://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201499. PMID: 33682718.
[54]. Nakamura A, Kaneko N, Villemagne VL, Kato T, Doecke J, Doré V, et al. High performance plasma amyloid-β biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Nature. 2018 Feb 8;554(7691):249-254. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature25456. PMID: 29420472.
[55]. Keshavan A, Pannee J, Karikari TK, Rodriguez JL, Ashton NJ, Nicholas JM, et al. Population-based blood screening for preclinical Alzheimer's disease in a British birth cohort at age 70. Brain. 2021 Mar 3;144(2):434-449. http://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa403. PMID: 33479777.
[56]. Schindler SE, Bollinger JG, Ovod V, Mawuenyega KG, Li Y, Gordon BA, et al. High-precision plasma β-amyloid 42/40 predicts current and future brain amyloidosis. Neurology. 2019 Oct 22;93(17):e1647-e1659. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008081. PMID: 31371569.
[57]. Ovod V, Ramsey KN, Mawuenyega KG, Bollinger JG, Hicks T, Schneider T, et al. Amyloid β concentrations and stable isotope labeling kinetics of human plasma specific to central nervous system amyloidosis. Alzheimers Dement. 2017 Aug;13(8):841-849. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.2266. PMID: 28734653.
[58]. Thijssen EH, La Joie R, Wolf A, Strom A, Wang P, Iaccarino L, et al. Diagnostic value of plasma phosphorylated tau181 in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Nat Med. 2020 Mar;26(3):387-397. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0762-2. PMID: 32123386.
[59]. Lantero Rodriguez J, Karikari TK, Suárez-Calvet M, Troakes C, King A, Emersic A, et al. Plasma p-tau181 accurately predicts Alzheimer's disease pathology at least 8 years prior to post-mortem and improves the clinical characterisation of cognitive decline. Acta Neuropathol. 2020 Sep;140(3):267-278. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-020-02195-x. PMID: 32720099.
[60]. Ashton NJ, Janelidze S, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Binette AP, Strandberg O, Brum WS, et al. Differential roles of Aβ42/40, p-tau231 and p-tau217 for Alzheimer's trial selection and disease monitoring. Nat Med. 2022 Dec;28(12):2555-2562. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02074-w. PMID: 36456833.
[61]. Palmqvist S, Tideman P, Cullen N, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, et al. Prediction of future Alzheimer's disease dementia using plasma phospho-tau combined with other accessible measures. Nat Med. 2021 Jun;27(6):1034-1042. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01348-z. PMID: 34031605.
[62]. Stocker H, Beyer L, Perna L, Rujescu D, Holleczek B, et al. Association of plasma biomarkers, p-tau181, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and neurofilament light, with intermediate and long-term clinical Alzheimer's disease risk: Results from a prospective cohort followed over 17 years. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 Jan;19(1):25-35. http://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12614. PMID: 35234335.
[63]. Johansson C, Thordardottir S, Laffita-Mesa J, Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Zetterberg H, et al. Plasma biomarker profiles in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 2023 Mar 1;146(3):1132-1140. http://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac399. PMID: 36626935.
[64]. Jia L, Zhu M, Yang J, Pang Y, Wang Q, et al. Exosomal MicroRNA-Based Predictive Model for Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: A Multicenter Study. Biol Psychiatry. 2022 Jul 1;92(1):44-53. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.12.015. PMID: 35221095.
[65]. Wang Q, Ren ZH, Zhao WM, Wang L, Yan X, et al. Research advances on surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Nanoscale. 2022 Jan 20;14(3):564-591. http://doi.org/10.1039/d1nr05400g. PMID: 34940766.
[66]. Song S, Lee JU, Jeon MJ, Kim S, Sim SJ. Detection of multiplex exosomal miRNAs for clinically accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using label-free plasmonic biosensor based on DNA-Assembled advanced plasmonic architecture. Biosens Bioelectron. 2022 Mar 1;199:113864. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113864. PMID: 34890883.
[67]. Song S, Lee JU, Jeon MJ, Kim S, Lee CN, Sim SJ. Precise profiling of exosomal biomarkers via programmable curved plasmonic nanoarchitecture-based biosensor for clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Biosens Bioelectron. 2023 Jun 15;230:115269. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115269. PMID: 37001292.
[68]. Li Q, Huo H, Wu Y, Chen L, Su L, et al. Design and Synthesis of SERS Materials for In Vivo Molecular Imaging and Biosensing. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023 Mar;10(8):e2202051. doi: 10.1002/advs.202202051. PMID: 36683237.
[69]. Zhang L, Cao K, Su Y, Hu S, Liang X, et al. Colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman scattering dual-mode magnetic immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of blood phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease. Biosens Bioelectron. 2023 Feb 15;222:114935. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2022.114935. PMID: 36463652.
[70]. Zhang L, Su Y, Liang X, Cao K, Luo Q, Luo H. Ultrasensitive and point-of-care detection of plasma phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease using colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman scattering dual-readout lateral flow assay. Nano Res. 2023;16(5):7459-7469. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-5354-4. PMID: 37223429.
[71]. Hu S, Yang C, Luo H. Current trends in blood biomarker detection and imaging for Alzheimer's disease. Biosens Bioelectron. 2022 Aug 15;210:114278. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2022.114278. PMID: 35460969.
[72]. Wang X, Li L, Gu X, Yu B, Jiang M. Switchable electrochemical aptasensor for amyloid-β oligomers detection based on triple helix switch coupling with AuNPs@CuMOF labeled signaling displaced-probe. Mikrochim Acta. 2021 Jan 25;188(2):49. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-021-04704-5. PMID: 33495901.
[73]. Pereira RL, Oliveira D, Pêgo AP, Santos SD, Moreira FTC. Electrochemical miRNA-34a-based biosensor for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Bioelectrochemistry. 2023 Dec;154:108553. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108553. PMID: 37672968.
[74]. Sun J, Dong QX, Wang SW, Zheng YB, Liu XX, Lu TS, et al. Artificial intelligence in psychiatry research, diagnosis, and therapy. Asian J Psychiatr. 2023 Sep;87:103705. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103705. PMID: 37506575.
[75]. FDA Permits Marketing for New Test to Improve Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease [Internet]. U.S. Food & Drug administration; [cited 2023 Dec 9]. Available from:https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-permits-marketing-new-test-improve-diagnosis-alzheimers-disease.
[76]. FDA Permits Marketing for New Test to Improve Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease [Internet]. U.S. Food & Drug administration; [cited 2023 Dec 9]. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-image-tau-pathology-patients-being-evaluated-alzheimers-disease.
[77]. Janelidze S, Bali D, Ashton NJ, Barthélemy NR, Vanbrabant J, et al. Head-to-head comparison of 10 plasma phospho-tau assays in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 2023 Apr;146(4):1592-1601. http://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac333. PMID: 36087307.
[78]. Ashton NJ, Puig-Pijoan A, Milà-Alomà M, Fernández-Lebrero A, García-Escobar G, et al. Plasma and CSF biomarkers in a memory clinic: Head-to-head comparison of phosphorylated tau immunoassays. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 May;19(5):1913-1924. http://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12841. PMID: 36370462.
[79]. Wang, X, Huang, SC, Hu, S. et al. Fundamental understanding and applications of plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nat Rev Phys. 2020 May;2:253–271. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-020-0171-y.
[80]. Han, X.X, Rodriguez, R.S, Haynes, C.L. et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2022 Jan;1: 87. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00083-6.
[2]. 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 Apr;19(4):1598-1695. http://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13016. PMID: 36918389.
[3]. Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, Pericak-Vance M, Enghild J, Salvesen GS, Roses AD. Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Mar;90(5):1977-81. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.5.1977. PMID: 8446617.
[4]. Mayeux R, Saunders AM, Shea S, Mirra S, Evans D, et al. Utility of the apolipoprotein E genotype in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Disease Centers Consortium on Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's Disease. N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb;338(8):506-11. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199802193380804. PMID: 9468467.
[5]. Zhong G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Guo JJ, Zhao Y. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies with investigation of potential effect modifiers. PLoS One. 2015 Mar;10(3):e0118333. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118333. PMID: 25763939.
[6]. Butler M, Nelson VA, Davila H, Ratner E, Fink HA, Hemmy LS, McCarten JR, Barclay TR, Brasure M, Kane RL. Over-the-Counter Supplement Interventions to Prevent Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Clinical Alzheimer-Type Dementia: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Jan;168(1):52-62. http://doi.org/10.7326/M17-1530. PMID: 29255909.
[7]. Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM, Barnes LL, Bennett DA, Aggarwal NT. MIND diet slows cognitive decline with aging. Alzheimers Dement. 2015 Sep;11(9):1015-22. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.04.011. PMID: 26086182.
[8]. Scheltens P, De Strooper B, Kivipelto M, Holstege H, Chételat G, Teunissen CE, et al. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 2021 Apr 24;397(10284):1577-1590. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32205-4. PMID: 33667416.
[9]. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology. 1984 Jul;34(7):939-44. http://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.34.7.939. PMID: 6610841.
[10]. Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May;7(3):270-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008. PMID: 21514249.
[11]. Jack CR Jr, Albert MS, Knopman DS, McKhann GM, Sperling RA, Carrillo MC, et al. Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May;7(3):257-62. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.004. PMID: 21514247.
[12]. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May;7(3):263-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005. PMID: 21514250.
[13]. Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011 May;7(3):280-92. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.003. PMID: 21514248.
[14]. Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Dunn B, Haeberlein SB, et al. NIA-AA Research Framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018 Apr;14(4):535-562. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.018. PMID: 29653606.
[15]. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov;12(3):189-98. http://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6. PMID: 1202204.
[16]. Hachinski VC, Iliff LD, Zilhka E, Du Boulay GH, McAllister VL, Marshall J, Russell RW, Symon L. Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Arch Neurol. 1975 Sep;32(9):632-7. http://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1975.00490510088009. PMID: 1164215.
[17]. Aizenstein HJ, Nebes RD, Saxton JA, Price JC, Mathis CA, Tsopelas ND, Ziolko SK, James JA, Snitz BE, Houck PR, Bi W, Cohen AD, Lopresti BJ, DeKosky ST, Halligan EM, Klunk WE. Frequent amyloid deposition without significant cognitive impairment among the elderly. Arch Neurol. 2008 Nov;65(11):1509-17. http://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.65.11.1509. PMID: 19001171.
[18]. Jack CR Jr, Therneau TM, Weigand SD, Wiste HJ, Knopman DS, et al. Prevalence of Biologically vs Clinically Defined Alzheimer Spectrum Entities Using the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association Research Framework. JAMA Neurol. 2019 Jul;76(10):1174–83. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1971. PMID: 31305929.
[19]. Louie R. The 2018 NIA-AA research framework: Recommendation and comments. Alzheimers Dement. 2019 Jan;15(1):182-183. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3062. PMID: 30642438.
[20]. McRae-McKee K, Udeh-Momoh CT, Price G, Bajaj S, de Jager CA, et al. Perspective: Clinical relevance of the dichotomous classification of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers: Should there be a "gray zone"? Alzheimers Dement. 2019 Oct;15(10):1348-1356. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.07.010. PMID: 31564609.
[21]. Tang Y, Lutz MW, Xing Y. A systems-based model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2019 Jan;15(1):168-171. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3058. PMID: 30102884.
[22]. Aguillon D, Langella S, Chen Y, Sanchez JS, Su Y, Vila-Castelar C, et al. Plasma p-tau217 predicts in vivo brain pathology and cognition in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 Jun;19(6):2585-2594. http://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12906. PMID: 36571821.
[23]. Ossenkoppele R, van der Kant R, Hansson O. Tau biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: towards implementation in clinical practice and trials. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Aug;21(8):726-734. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00168-5. PMID: 35643092.
[24]. Alzheimer’s Association International Conference [Internet]. Alzheimer's Association; [cited 2023 Dec 9]. Available from: https://aaic.alz.org/diagnostic-criteria.asp.
[25]. Alzheimer’s Association International Conference [Internet]. Alzheimer's Association; [cited 2023 Dec 9]. Available from: https://alz.org/media/Documents/scientific-conferences/Clinical-Criteria-for-Staging-and-Diagnosis-for-Public-Comment-Draft-2.pdf?_gl=1*lgta1s*_ga*MTc2NjMxMjA1Ni4xNzAxNzU5MDg5*_ga_9JTEWVX24V*MTcwMjM1MTQ4MS45LjEuMTcwMjM1MTcyNy42MC4wLjA.*_ga_QSFTKCEH7C*MTcwMjM1MTQ4MS45LjEuMTcwMjM1MTcyNy42MC4wLjA.
[26]. Alzheimer’s Association International Conference [Internet]. Alzheimer's Association; [cited 2023 Dec 9]. Available from: https://alz.org/media/Documents/scientific-conferences/Figures-and-Tables-Clinical-Criteria-for-Staging-and-Diagnosis-for-Public-Comment-Draft-2.pdf?_gl=1*1depbc6*_ga*MTc2NjMxMjA1Ni4xNzAxNzU5MDg5*_ga_9JTEWVX24V*MTcwMjM2MDI2Mi4xMC4wLjE3MDIzNjAyNjIuNjAuMC4w*_ga_QSFTKCEH7C*MTcwMjM2MDI2Mi4xMC4wLjE3MDIzNjAyNjIuNjAuMC4w.
[27]. Barichello T, Giridharan VV, Dal-Pizzol F. A cerebrospinal fluid biosignature for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Braz J Psychiatry. 2019 Nov-Dec;41(6):467-468. http://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0629. PMID: 31826090.
[28]. Vermunt L, Sikkes SAM, van den Hout A, Handels R, Bos I, van der Flier WM, et al. Duration of preclinical, prodromal, and dementia stages of Alzheimer's disease in relation to age, sex, and APOE genotype. Alzheimers Dement. 2019 Jul;15(7):888-898. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.04.001. PMID: 31164314.
[29]. Self WK, Holtzman DM. Emerging diagnostics and therapeutics for Alzheimer disease. Nat Med. 2023 Sep;29(9):2187-2199. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02505-2. PMID: 37667136.
[30]. Johnson ECB, Bian S, Haque RU, Carter EK, Watson CM, Gordon BA, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics define the natural history of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Nat Med. 2023 Aug;29(8):1979-1988. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02476-4. PMID: 37550416.
[31]. Hansson O, Lehmann S, Otto M, Zetterberg H, Lewczuk P. Advantages and disadvantages of the use of the CSF Amyloid β (Aβ) 42/40 ratio in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019 Apr 22;11(1):34. http://doi.org/ 10.1186/s13195-019-0485-0. PMID: 31010420.
[32]. Mattsson N. CSF biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2011 Mar;49(3):345-52. http://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2011.082. PMID: 21303297.
[33]. Ost M, Nylén K, Csajbok L, Ohrfelt AO, Tullberg M, Wikkelsö C, et al. Initial CSF total tau correlates with 1-year outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 2006 Nov 14;67(9):1600-4. http://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000242732.06714.0f. PMID: 17101890.
[34]. Olsson B, Lautner R, Andreasson U, Öhrfelt A, Portelius E, Bjerke M, et al. CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Jun;15(7):673-684. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)00070-3. PMID: 27068280.
[35]. Skillbäck T, Rosén C, Asztely F, Mattsson N, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Diagnostic performance of cerebrospinal fluid total tau and phosphorylated tau in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: results from the Swedish Mortality Registry. JAMA Neurol. 2014 Apr;71(4):476-83. http://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.6455. PMID: 24566866.
[36]. Suárez-Calvet M, Karikari TK, Ashton NJ, Lantero Rodríguez J, Milà-Alomà M, Gispert JD, et al. Novel tau biomarkers phosphorylated at T181, T217 or T231 rise in the initial stages of the preclinical Alzheimer's continuum when only subtle changes in Aβ pathology are detected. EMBO Mol Med. 2020 Dec 7;12(12):e12921. http://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202012921. PMID: 33169916.
[37]. Shaw LM, Arias J, Blennow K, Galasko D, Molinuevo JL, Salloway S, et al. Appropriate use criteria for lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid testing in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018 Nov;14(11):1505-1521. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.220. PMID: 30316776.
[38]. De Meyer S, Schaeverbeke JM, Verberk IMW, Gille B, De Schaepdryver M, Luckett ES, et al. Comparison of ELISA- and SIMOA-based quantification of plasma Aβ ratios for early detection of cerebral amyloidosis. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2020 Dec 5;12(1):162. doi: 10.1186/s13195-020-00728-w. PMID: 33278904.
[39]. Kuhle J, Barro C, Andreasson U, Derfuss T, Lindberg R, Sandelius Å, et al. Comparison of three analytical platforms for quantification of the neurofilament light chain in blood samples: ELISA, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and Simoa. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2016 Oct 1;54(10):1655-61. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2015-1195. PMID: 27071153.
[40]. Burkett BJ, Babcock JC, Lowe VJ, Graff-Radford J, Subramaniam RM, Johnson DR. PET Imaging of Dementia: Update 2022. Clin Nucl Med. 2022 Sep;47(9):763-773. http://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000004251. PMID: 35543643.
[41]. Villemagne VL. Amyloid imaging: Past, present and future perspectives. Ageing Res Rev. 2016 Sep;30:95-106. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.01.005. PMID: 26827784.
[42]. Morris E, Chalkidou A, Hammers A, Peacock J, Summers J, Keevil S. Diagnostic accuracy of (18)F amyloid PET tracers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016 Feb;43(2):374-385. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-015-3228-x. PMID: 26613792.
[43]. Braak H, Braak E. Frequency of stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiol Aging. 1997 Jul-Aug;18(4):351-7. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4580(97)00056-0. PMID: 9330961.
[44]. Chien DT, Bahri S, Szardenings AK, Walsh JC, Mu F, Su MY, et al. Early clinical PET imaging results with the novel PHF-tau radioligand [F-18]-T807. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;34(2):457-68. http://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-122059. PMID: 23234879.
[45]. Lowe VJ, Curran G, Fang P, Liesinger AM, Josephs KA, Parisi JE, et al. An autoradiographic evaluation of AV-1451 Tau PET in dementia. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2016 Jun 13;4(1):58. http://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-016-0315-6. PMID: 27296779.
[46]. Schwarz AJ, Yu P, Miller BB, Shcherbinin S, Dickson J, Navitsky M, et al. Regional profiles of the candidate tau PET ligand 18F-AV-1451 recapitulate key features of Braak histopathological stages. Brain. 2016 May;139(Pt 5):1539-50. http://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aww023. PMID: 26936940.
[47]. Tian M, Civelek AC, Carrio I, Watanabe Y, Kang KW, Murakami K, et al. International consensus on the use of tau PET imaging agent 18F-flortaucipir in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022 Feb;49(3):895-904. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05673-w. PMID: 34978595.
[48]. Teunissen CE, Verberk IMW, Thijssen EH, Vermunt L, Hansson O, Zetterberg H, et al. Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: towards clinical implementation. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Jan;21(1):66-77. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00361-6. PMID: 34838239.
[49]. Hampel H, Hu Y, Cummings J, Mattke S, Iwatsubo T, Nakamura A, et al. Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: Current state and future use in a transformed global healthcare landscape. Neuron. 2023 Sep;111(18):2781-2799. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.017. Epub 2023 Jun 8. PMID: 37295421.
[50]. Pais MV, Forlenza OV, Diniz BS. Plasma Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Available Assays, Recent Developments, and Implications for Clinical Practice. J Alzheimers Dis Rep. 2023 May;7(1):355-380. http://doi.org/10.3233/ADR-230029. PMID: 37220625.
[51]. Wilson DH, Rissin DM, Kan CW, Fournier DR, Piech T, Campbell TG, et al. The Simoa HD-1 Analyzer: A Novel Fully Automated Digital Immunoassay Analyzer with Single-Molecule Sensitivity and Multiplexing. J Lab Autom. 2016 Aug;21(4):533-47. http://doi.org/10.1177/2211068215589580. PMID: 26077162.
[52]. Li D, Mielke MM. An Update on Blood-Based Markers of Alzheimer's Disease Using the Simoa Platform. Neurol Ther. 2019 Dec;8(Suppl 2):73-82. http://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-019-00164-5. PMID: 31833025.
[53]. Ding XL, Tuo QZ, Lei P. An Introduction to Ultrasensitive Assays for Plasma Tau Detection. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021;80(4):1353-1362. http://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201499. PMID: 33682718.
[54]. Nakamura A, Kaneko N, Villemagne VL, Kato T, Doecke J, Doré V, et al. High performance plasma amyloid-β biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Nature. 2018 Feb 8;554(7691):249-254. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature25456. PMID: 29420472.
[55]. Keshavan A, Pannee J, Karikari TK, Rodriguez JL, Ashton NJ, Nicholas JM, et al. Population-based blood screening for preclinical Alzheimer's disease in a British birth cohort at age 70. Brain. 2021 Mar 3;144(2):434-449. http://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa403. PMID: 33479777.
[56]. Schindler SE, Bollinger JG, Ovod V, Mawuenyega KG, Li Y, Gordon BA, et al. High-precision plasma β-amyloid 42/40 predicts current and future brain amyloidosis. Neurology. 2019 Oct 22;93(17):e1647-e1659. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000008081. PMID: 31371569.
[57]. Ovod V, Ramsey KN, Mawuenyega KG, Bollinger JG, Hicks T, Schneider T, et al. Amyloid β concentrations and stable isotope labeling kinetics of human plasma specific to central nervous system amyloidosis. Alzheimers Dement. 2017 Aug;13(8):841-849. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.2266. PMID: 28734653.
[58]. Thijssen EH, La Joie R, Wolf A, Strom A, Wang P, Iaccarino L, et al. Diagnostic value of plasma phosphorylated tau181 in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Nat Med. 2020 Mar;26(3):387-397. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0762-2. PMID: 32123386.
[59]. Lantero Rodriguez J, Karikari TK, Suárez-Calvet M, Troakes C, King A, Emersic A, et al. Plasma p-tau181 accurately predicts Alzheimer's disease pathology at least 8 years prior to post-mortem and improves the clinical characterisation of cognitive decline. Acta Neuropathol. 2020 Sep;140(3):267-278. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-020-02195-x. PMID: 32720099.
[60]. Ashton NJ, Janelidze S, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Binette AP, Strandberg O, Brum WS, et al. Differential roles of Aβ42/40, p-tau231 and p-tau217 for Alzheimer's trial selection and disease monitoring. Nat Med. 2022 Dec;28(12):2555-2562. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02074-w. PMID: 36456833.
[61]. Palmqvist S, Tideman P, Cullen N, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, et al. Prediction of future Alzheimer's disease dementia using plasma phospho-tau combined with other accessible measures. Nat Med. 2021 Jun;27(6):1034-1042. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01348-z. PMID: 34031605.
[62]. Stocker H, Beyer L, Perna L, Rujescu D, Holleczek B, et al. Association of plasma biomarkers, p-tau181, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and neurofilament light, with intermediate and long-term clinical Alzheimer's disease risk: Results from a prospective cohort followed over 17 years. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 Jan;19(1):25-35. http://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12614. PMID: 35234335.
[63]. Johansson C, Thordardottir S, Laffita-Mesa J, Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Zetterberg H, et al. Plasma biomarker profiles in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 2023 Mar 1;146(3):1132-1140. http://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac399. PMID: 36626935.
[64]. Jia L, Zhu M, Yang J, Pang Y, Wang Q, et al. Exosomal MicroRNA-Based Predictive Model for Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease: A Multicenter Study. Biol Psychiatry. 2022 Jul 1;92(1):44-53. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.12.015. PMID: 35221095.
[65]. Wang Q, Ren ZH, Zhao WM, Wang L, Yan X, et al. Research advances on surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Nanoscale. 2022 Jan 20;14(3):564-591. http://doi.org/10.1039/d1nr05400g. PMID: 34940766.
[66]. Song S, Lee JU, Jeon MJ, Kim S, Sim SJ. Detection of multiplex exosomal miRNAs for clinically accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using label-free plasmonic biosensor based on DNA-Assembled advanced plasmonic architecture. Biosens Bioelectron. 2022 Mar 1;199:113864. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113864. PMID: 34890883.
[67]. Song S, Lee JU, Jeon MJ, Kim S, Lee CN, Sim SJ. Precise profiling of exosomal biomarkers via programmable curved plasmonic nanoarchitecture-based biosensor for clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Biosens Bioelectron. 2023 Jun 15;230:115269. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115269. PMID: 37001292.
[68]. Li Q, Huo H, Wu Y, Chen L, Su L, et al. Design and Synthesis of SERS Materials for In Vivo Molecular Imaging and Biosensing. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023 Mar;10(8):e2202051. doi: 10.1002/advs.202202051. PMID: 36683237.
[69]. Zhang L, Cao K, Su Y, Hu S, Liang X, et al. Colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman scattering dual-mode magnetic immunosensor for ultrasensitive detection of blood phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease. Biosens Bioelectron. 2023 Feb 15;222:114935. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2022.114935. PMID: 36463652.
[70]. Zhang L, Su Y, Liang X, Cao K, Luo Q, Luo H. Ultrasensitive and point-of-care detection of plasma phosphorylated tau in Alzheimer's disease using colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman scattering dual-readout lateral flow assay. Nano Res. 2023;16(5):7459-7469. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-5354-4. PMID: 37223429.
[71]. Hu S, Yang C, Luo H. Current trends in blood biomarker detection and imaging for Alzheimer's disease. Biosens Bioelectron. 2022 Aug 15;210:114278. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2022.114278. PMID: 35460969.
[72]. Wang X, Li L, Gu X, Yu B, Jiang M. Switchable electrochemical aptasensor for amyloid-β oligomers detection based on triple helix switch coupling with AuNPs@CuMOF labeled signaling displaced-probe. Mikrochim Acta. 2021 Jan 25;188(2):49. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-021-04704-5. PMID: 33495901.
[73]. Pereira RL, Oliveira D, Pêgo AP, Santos SD, Moreira FTC. Electrochemical miRNA-34a-based biosensor for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Bioelectrochemistry. 2023 Dec;154:108553. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108553. PMID: 37672968.
[74]. Sun J, Dong QX, Wang SW, Zheng YB, Liu XX, Lu TS, et al. Artificial intelligence in psychiatry research, diagnosis, and therapy. Asian J Psychiatr. 2023 Sep;87:103705. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103705. PMID: 37506575.
[75]. FDA Permits Marketing for New Test to Improve Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease [Internet]. U.S. Food & Drug administration; [cited 2023 Dec 9]. Available from:https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-permits-marketing-new-test-improve-diagnosis-alzheimers-disease.
[76]. FDA Permits Marketing for New Test to Improve Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease [Internet]. U.S. Food & Drug administration; [cited 2023 Dec 9]. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-image-tau-pathology-patients-being-evaluated-alzheimers-disease.
[77]. Janelidze S, Bali D, Ashton NJ, Barthélemy NR, Vanbrabant J, et al. Head-to-head comparison of 10 plasma phospho-tau assays in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 2023 Apr;146(4):1592-1601. http://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac333. PMID: 36087307.
[78]. Ashton NJ, Puig-Pijoan A, Milà-Alomà M, Fernández-Lebrero A, García-Escobar G, et al. Plasma and CSF biomarkers in a memory clinic: Head-to-head comparison of phosphorylated tau immunoassays. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 May;19(5):1913-1924. http://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12841. PMID: 36370462.
[79]. Wang, X, Huang, SC, Hu, S. et al. Fundamental understanding and applications of plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nat Rev Phys. 2020 May;2:253–271. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-020-0171-y.
[80]. Han, X.X, Rodriguez, R.S, Haynes, C.L. et al. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2022 Jan;1: 87. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-021-00083-6.
Article Sidebar
Published
Mar 18, 2024
Article Details
How to Cite
1.
Mu Y, Chang K-X, Chen Y-F, Yan K, Wang C-X, Hua Q. Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Towards accuracy and accessibility. J Biol Methods [Internet]. 2024 Mar. 18 [cited 2024 Apr. 27];11(1):e99010010. Available from: https://jbmethods.org/index.php/jbm/article/view/412
Issue
Section
Reviews
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with JBM agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant JBM right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
